Loyalty cards Example For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1984 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? and why do some work and others do not (appear to)? Why are you undertaking the research? In an increasingly global environment, organisations, its people, strategy and marketing, and its structure are finding themselves constantly seeking innovative ways to differentiate themselves from their competitors. The complex business interactions synonymous with modern society has witnessed the consumer gaining in status and decision making power whilst the retailer explores new avenues enabling them to provide superior products and services acting as the differentiator amongst competitors. Consequently the crux for all retailers in maintaining and attracting consumers stems from the notion of customer loyalty; customers commitment to do business with a particular organisation, purchasing their goods and services repeatedly, and recommending the services and products to friends and associates (McIlroy and Barnett, 2000) There appears however to be varying schools of thought over whether loyalty schemes and card do actuall y work in favour of the retailer, or whether the advantage lies instead in the hands of the customer, or indeed whether there is a mutually beneficial relationship present. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Loyalty cards Example For Free" essay for you Create order The UK Competition Commission (2002) found that the average consumer holds at least two loyalty cards with retailers in direct competition such as Tesco and Sainsburys, where Shabi (2003) found at least 85 per cent of UK households have at least one loyalty card. Dick and Beau (1994) propose that loyalty has both behavioural and attitudinal components. This dissertation will address the former of the behavioural component and seek to identify how consumers behaviour has changed since the introduction of loyalty schemes in the 1990s in relation to present day, and provide recommendations on how retailers can maximise consumer patterns to their advantage. What will be the gain in knowledge? The gain in knowledge which will arise from the above will present itself in the following ways: Maximising effectiveness within customer loyalty market research to generate solid data from a questionnaire which will try to identify the why and what factors of consumer habits using pertinent research methods (discussed later). As retailers seek to innovate into new growth areas accurate market data is essential to maximise customer retention through a strong understanding of behaviour and motivation. Developing new proposals for customer loyalty cards and schemes drawing on the findings from the data analysis which are more pertinent to todays society, taking into account the increasing choice of loyalty schemes available to the consumer in an increasingly saturated loyalty market. Literature review What theoretical issues will you examine? Sopanen (1996) posits that there are six different types of loyalty, where UK retailers fall within the incentivised loyalty segment: Monopoly loyalty; where there are no available choices Inertia loyalty; customers do not actively seek substitutes Convenience loyalty; loyalty is solely defined by location Price loyalty; customers are influenced by the lowest price Incentivised loyalty; loyalty relates to the benefits gained from reward cards and programmes such as UK retail giants Tesco and Sainsburys Emotional loyalty; customers are influenced by factors such as brand Mauri (2003) remarks that the UK retail sector has embraced the notion of incentivised loyalty since the introduction of loyalty cards and schemes in the 1990s where, initially established as a strategic marketing tool to garner valuable consumer data its continued use suggests that there are considerable benefits to both customers and retailers who participate in these schemes. Noorhoff et al (2004) and Sharp and Sharp (1997) believe the loyalty card exerts a positive impact on increasing customer loyalty through development of long lasting relationships and creation of a sense of belonging, where Uncles, 1994 strengthens this notion the retailer is prepared to listen, is willing to innovate on behalf of customers, and is caring, concerned and considerate. Presently however according to Byrom (2001) there are more than 150 loyalty schemes in the UK with a resulting circulation of 40 million cards; therefore it poses the question of growing concern of a saturated or loyalt y overload market within the UK retail market and the subsequent consumer behavioural response to this. Consumer Behaviour Behavioural loyalty can be demonstrated through measurable characteristics such as increased shopping frequency, sensitivity to price, an individuals retention over time and spending pattern (Oliver, 1999) where incentivized rewards such as discounts and points target specifically this form of loyalty. However due to the competiveness of giant retailers such as Sainsburys and Tesco and the ever increasing influx of incentives available to consumers its possible that customer perception is being altered due to the increase in choices, which in turn influences their behaviour. An example is a recent quote from a supermarket customer who claims I AM loyal to my grocery store à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" I simply carry both loyalty cards (Lamb, Hair McDonald, 2008) an indication that the customer will only shop at their preferred store only when it benefits them the most. Based on the above, which are your research questions? Be as clear about these as possible. I am ideally looking to explore: If loyalty cards are effective in retention of retail customers what are the behavioural changes that have occurred within the consumer to support this since the introduction of the loyalty card system in the 1990s as opposed to present day? (Note to client; this is an idea for you to base upon; if it is too diverse you can break this down into 1) the period of 1995 onwards when the first loyalty scheme was introduced 2) focus just on present day 3) support the change in behaviour of customers and criticise the retail industry such as Tesco 4) vice versa to 3 or 4) subjectively discuss both sides) Methodology How are you going to address the research questions? This question will be addressed through dissemination of a comprehensive questionnaire encapsulating the following research methods: Kerlinger and Lee (2000) Theory Dependent viewpoint of why questions examining the relationships between variables and predicting the outcome i.e. theorising that the introduction of loyalty cards will lead to customers not shopping at competitors stores Phillps and Pugh (2005) Descriptive research of what questions looking for patterns within relationships and theories i.e. assuming the above theory is correct what would be reasons for these relationships? Distributed out to a demographic cross-section of people encompassing different ages, nationalities, status (single, married) and religious beliefs representative of the British consumer.(Note to client; if this is too difficult then ensure that you have picked a diverse profile of known individuals to yourself) Sample Questionnaire: These are suggestions for the questionnaire; where it is recommended that a maximum of fifty questions are provided, equating to ten to fifteen minutes of completion time per person. The questionnaire can be adapted to 1) retail stores and managers 2) consumers; enabling flexibility in question choices i.e. for the retail manager What do you perceive to be the biggest behavioural change in shopping habits of the consumer since introduction of loyalty cards? to the consumer What do you actively perceive to the biggest changes in your purchase behaviour since the introduction of loyalty cards? Suggestions: Descriptive Research -Do you have any of the following cards? (Tesco Clubcard, Sainsburys Nectarcard) Do you have any other /loyalty cards for retail stores other than supermarkets (Boots The Chemist or Homebase the DIY store)? -How did you obtain the cards? -Of the cards you have list them in chronological order with the most recent first: -From the cards that you have, which do you use the most? Why? -What made you obtain the card? -How often do you show the card? -Please indicate the maximum value ( £1 per point) you have ever achieved on your card? -Have you used any of the cards you own to receive discount from another retailer(s)? -If you answered yes to the above question what were the motivators which made you change your shopping habits to the other retailer? Theory dependent viewpoints à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Why questions in an attempt to draw relationships between theory: Do you agree or disagree with these statements: I would visit other supermarkets not currently involved with loyalty schemes if they began this service -I would stop shopping at my current supermarket if they stopped the loyalty program -Price is the main determinant for my choice of supermarket -I always play them off against each other so I can exploit the cost savings and promotional offers to get the best deal for me -Loyalty has a different meaning to the consumer as compared to the retailer How are you going to acquire and analyse the identified data? Data analysis for the descriptive questions will be qualitative analysis which will be used to support or attack the theory dependent questions; i.e. once a relationship has been found from patterns in the statistical analysis this qualitative data should provide reasons for this, and thus recommendations can be given. Data analysis for the theory dependent questions can be measured on the scale of 1-5 (1 strongly agree / 5 strongly disagree) and presented quantitatively: -Ensure that these questionnaires go out to a proportionate sample size i.e. segment accordingly on different demographics -After retrieving the data analysis can be undertaken using simple statistical analysis (i.e. mean, mode, standard deviation etc) -You are looking to see whether there are significant patterns appearing which either support or criticise your hypothesis, where you can offer recommendations off the back of these. Data Which organisations, individuals or sources will provide the necessary data? Any UK retail organisation, consumers, retail bodies, consumer bodies, and any relevant literature. Will the data be available in the depth required? Yes: providing the questionnaire is distributed effectively. Are there matters of confidentiality? No: I do not foresee any confidentiality issues from the consumer nor the retailer providing the questions asked follow the same structure as those suggested. Discussion What is your hypothesis? It is hypothesised that the increasing availability of loyalty schemes is beginning to saturate the market to one which favours the customer rather than the retailer. Application of research methods will enable identification of key relationships which support this hypothesis and thus provide recommendations to counter it. How will this guide the research? It is anticipated that the hypothesis will assist the dissertation resear ch by ensuring it remains succinct and follows the objects. How will you make adjustments following any changes in the hypothesis? It is anticipated that the only amendments will be data which may be need to be revisited depending on the effectiveness of the questionnaire. Bibliography Blumberg, A, Cooper D.R, Schindler, P.S (2008) Business Research Methods; Mc-Graw-Hill Education Bryman, A Bell, E (2007) Business Research methods; Oxford University Press Byrom, J (2001) The role of loyalty card data within local marketing initiatives, International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, Vol. 29 No. 7 Egan, C Thomas, M (1998) The CIM handbook of strategic marketing- CIM professional development series; Butterworth-Heinemann Hobbs, R, Rowley, J (2008) Are pub discount cards loyalty cards? The Journal of Consumer Marketing Santa Barbara Vol 25 Iss 6 Lamb, W Hair, J McDaniel, C (2008) Essentials of marketing; Cengage Learning Oliver, R.L (1999) Whence customer loyalty? Journal of Marketing, Vol. 63 No. 4, Peppers, D Rogers, M (2004) Managing customer relationships; a strategic framework; John Wiley and Sons Noordhoff, C., Pauwels, P. and Odekerken-SchrÃÆ' ¶der, G. (2004), The effect of customer card programmes: a comparative study in Singapore and The Netherlands, International Journal of Service Industry Management, Vol. 15 No. 4, Saunders, M, Lewis, P Thornhill, A (2007) Research methods for business student; Prentice Hall Seth, A Randall, G (2001) The grocers: the rise and rise of the supermarket chains; Kogan Page Publishers Sharp, B. and Sharp, A. (1997), Loyalty programs and their impact on repeat-purchase loyalty patterns, International Journal of Research in Management, Vol. 14 Sopanen, B. (1996) Enhancing customer loyalty, Retail Week Smith, A, Sparks, L, Hart, S, Tzokas, N (2004) Delivering customer loyalty schemes in retailing: exploring the employee dimension; International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, Vol 32, Iss 4/5 Uncles, M. (1994) Do you or your customers need a loyalty scheme? Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, Vol. 2 No. 4

Walmart s Human Resources Mission Statement - 782 Words

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Compare the Methods Poets Use to Explore Ideas Essay Example For Students

Compare the Methods Poets Use to Explore Ideas Essay Within both of these poems, the poets use different types of poetic techniques to show how time can affect the relationship of two lovers. The language used in the two poems is very different but they both show the same prospective of time. In hour the language used is very blunt and in to his coy mistress the language is more creative and imaginative. This is shown in hour when the poet says, time hates love, whereas in to his coy mistress the poet says we cannot make our sun stand still. Both of the poets are trying to say that time is in control and it is very powerful. In hour Duffy uses personification and simile; this is shown in, loves times beggar. This suggests to us that time is loves enemy and love is begging time. The word beggar almost makes you feel sorry for love. The poet personifies time as loves enemy. In to his coy mistress Marvel uses metaphors. For example, Times winged chariot hurrying near, this suggest to us that death will be near. There are lots of imagery used in the two poems. For example, in hour Duffy says, but even a single hour bright as a dropped coin, makes love rich. This suggests to the reader that even one hour with your loved is very precious and should cherish the moment. We also see love being powerful than time for the first time. In to his coy mistress imagery is used in the first section of the poem, when the speaker says thou by the Indian Ganges side should rubies find; I by the tide of Hummer would complain. Ganges is thought be to be a sacred place India whereas the Humidifiers in north of England tend to be boring to Marvel. So this suggests to the reader that He is complimenting her as she is unique to him in a desirable way. She is the only person who fulfils the qualification in his vicinity. The both poets use different form and structure to the poems. In hour, Duffy only has one type of view which is time is always stopping love. This is followed the whole way through the poem. The first opening says, Loves times beggar and in the last stanza it says time hates love . Duffy uses at the start and at the end to show straight away that time is the enemy of love. By structuring the poem like this, the reader will have the same opinion throughout the poem. Duffy also uses short sentences, time slows, for here . Duffy has added a comma next to slows to show slowness. Some of the sentences in her poem run off, summer sky and a grass ditch, this suggest that she is excited. Hour also follows the structure of a Shakespeare sonnet. In to his coy mistress, Marvel makes his point at the end this is because in the first stanza he talks about what if they had all the time in the world, in the second what would happen if she doesnt sleep with him. Finally in the third stanza he tells her what she should do. By structuring his poem in that way Marvel shows the lover preparing his argument to his mistress to seize the day and not to hold back. In the first stanza Marvel doesnt use violent words as he does to the second and third stanzas. Marvel has written the poem in rhyming couplets. Both of the poets show different feelings and attitude. In hour the speaker wants a relationship which holds them together and wants nothing else but in to his coy mistress the speaker wants a sexual relationship. In hour the writer is frustrated with time and love being together. .ub06e237a2d4afe0df096641aaa0a972b , .ub06e237a2d4afe0df096641aaa0a972b .postImageUrl , .ub06e237a2d4afe0df096641aaa0a972b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub06e237a2d4afe0df096641aaa0a972b , .ub06e237a2d4afe0df096641aaa0a972b:hover , .ub06e237a2d4afe0df096641aaa0a972b:visited , .ub06e237a2d4afe0df096641aaa0a972b:active { border:0!important; } .ub06e237a2d4afe0df096641aaa0a972b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub06e237a2d4afe0df096641aaa0a972b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub06e237a2d4afe0df096641aaa0a972b:active , .ub06e237a2d4afe0df096641aaa0a972b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub06e237a2d4afe0df096641aaa0a972b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub06e237a2d4afe0df096641aaa0a972b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub06e237a2d4afe0df096641aaa0a972b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub06e237a2d4afe0df096641aaa0a972b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub06e237a2d4afe0df096641aaa0a972b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub06e237a2d4afe0df096641aaa0a972b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub06e237a2d4afe0df096641aaa0a972b .ub06e237a2d4afe0df096641aaa0a972b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub06e237a2d4afe0df096641aaa0a972b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Poetry Discussion Questions EssayWe see this when speaker says, time hates love. It also shows us that the speaker wants a simple kind of love meaning without material possessions, this is shown when the speaker says, spend it not on flowers or wine In to his coy mistress he is cynically flattering his mistress in order to get his own way. This is shows when he says, two hundred to adore each breast. The poem also suggests that the speaker wants a violent love this is shown when the poet says, and now, like amorous birds of prey, rather at once our time devour. Overall tot poets have the same prospective of time but have different opinions on relationships. In hour the speaker doesnt want to waste time and wants to cherish every moment by being together. On the other hand to his coy mistress wants a sexual relationship. So the speaker says that time is running out for them to have sex and that they do not have all the time in the world. Both of the writers say that time will go fast so dont waste it. We will also feel time going fast when we are having fun or in love, so we should cherish every minute of our life as it will never come back once it is gone.

Todays Woman Vs. Yesterdays Essay Example For Students

Todays Woman Vs. Yesterdays Essay Women of today have come a long way since the periods portrayed in the dramas Trifles, written by Susan Glaspell, and Doll House, written by Henrik Ibsen. In both dramas, the characters played by women were portrayed as nothing more than property which should be seen and not heard. This is typical of society in the late 1800s and early 1900s, which is the time setting in which these dramas take place. In the drama Trifles, the male characters known as Henry Peters sheriff and George Henderson county attorney strut around like roosters making lewd, sexist remarks while investigating the murder of farmer John Wright. We will write a custom essay on Todays Woman Vs. Yesterdays specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The two farm women, Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters, while forced to listen to such barbaric comments, actually end up solving the murder. Throughout the drama, the male characters are made to walk around the farm house looking for clues. Unfortunately, they do this from a males point of view and are completely oblivious to the unseen environment around them. During this time, the two ladies sit silently conversing between themselves about the tragedy, and actually find clues to the hows and whys of the suspect without really looking. The female characters in this drama are written to be very perceptive and understanding about what happens in everyday life in a country home, since they too are country homemakers. With this information, which the men do not share, they notice small insignificant looking items which appear to be out of place. Through deductive reasoning, the women were able to figure out that John Wrights wife had been abused for many years. Not physical abuse, but severe mental abuse. The abuse seemed to reach its zenith when her husband killed her canary by ringing the birds neck. This signifies a symbol of the life and freedom she once had. In the drama Doll House, the main character named Nora is a woman who has gone through life being treated as if she were a china doll. She was not unlike a china doll to be placed high on a pedestal, never to be heard from except when spoken to, or when asked to entertain her husband Torvald, their children or a group of Torvalds friends. As the story progresses, Ibsen creates a climax in the theme when Torvald finds out that Nora forged her fathers name on a document to obtain money for a trip to Italy. This trip to Italy was necessary in order to save his life. Society had a certain stigmatism about the women of the late 1800s. Women were not thought to have been as smart as men, and were therefore not expected to understand the complicated world of money and especially the repercussions of getting a loan from places other than a banking institution. At this point, Nora receives a miracle she has not been looking forward to. The miracle turned out to be a test in which she finds out that their storybook love is not as strong to Torvald as she had imagined and hoped for. This particular scene in the drama gave the impression of morning sun rays tapping on the petals on a morning glory. With this, the reader begins to witness the blossoming of a flower. Noras eyes open for what appears to be the firs! t time in her life, and she makes the decision to leave her life and family in search for a new beginning. For a male author born and raised in the 1800s, Ibsen does a fine job of looking at a relationship of this kind from a womans point of view. However, women of today would not put up with either one of these situations. The women of today are more assertive and demanding than they used to be. There are many women today who are just as good if not better than their male counterparts. Some of the most successful people in todays society are women. With the passage of the right for women to vote and the womens movement of the late sixties and early seventies, women have deservingly Come a Long Way Baby.

Evaluation of Jason Voorhees Professor Ramos Blog

Evaluation of Jason Voorhees Jason Voorhees is the main character from the Friday the 13th series. He first appeared in the film, â€Å" Friday the 13th†, as the young son of camp cook-turned-killer Mrs.Voorhees. He has been the main subject of many films and even a video game, over the years. He is famously known for sporting a hockey mask in many of his renditions. He is a serial killer that usually goes around Camp Crystal Lake to take new victims. Jason Voorhees is a monster that is 9/10, he is definitely a monster who’s movies are worth seeing if you are into horror characters and their stories. His fear factor is what makes him such a good monster. This monster is extremely scary because he can do many things to take the lives of those he is trying to kill. For example, in the game, â€Å" Friday the 13tgh†, he can go around and teleport right to his victims and easily snap the heads off their bodies. He is also very scary because you cannot hear him coming. In many of his films, and the video game, he is actually silent the whole time and doesn’t talk. For many of those who haven’t seen the films or even played the video game, might not know how he came about. In his main storyline, Jason is a mentally disabled child and drowns at Camp Crystal Lake. His mother gets angry at the camp counselors there because they didn’t save him from drowning because they were too busy having sex. So she ultimately goes and kills them. When committing this murderous crime, she is killed in the process by one of the members of the camp. Jason is then resurrected and goes on to kill in the name of his mother, to avenge her death. This causes others at the camp to be very scared of Jason. Yet, no one really knows where came from. This storyline can get confusing, but it is good because it leaves a lot to the imagination of the viewer. The viewer themselves can fill in blanks that might be happening throughout the story. This is great because there is no room for wasted time in over-explaining what happens. This lets the audience be free in creating their own perceptions. Jason is a very powerful monster because throughout the Friday the 13th series, he keeps coming back and cheating death. This ties in with Jeffrey Cohen’s thesis number two, The Monster Always Escapes. This is because throughout the movies, Jason keeps on repeatedly dying, yet, he keeps coming back to life in the most strangest of ways. He is never really gone, only for a short time or while. In the video game there are instances where you can shoot directly at him in the face. This would usually instantly kill a regular human being. However, Jason is left immobile, giving his victims a chance to run away. Even though they have a slight chance of survival, Jason is right back at them once he recuperates. As was mentioned earlier, Jason can swiftly teleport right to them after an attack like that. Another way he can cheat death is when the player stabs him directly in the neck. And, as was mentioned before, this would usually kill a human being as this would create severe blood loss. Yet, Jason is left immobile for a few seconds, and then gets right back to killing the camp counselors. This part of Jason’s character is just simply put, badass. There is no one on earth or in past history that can survive such a brutal attack like this. This just makes this monster so much more interesting and fun to watch. Jason also relates to another one of Jeffrey’s theses. This one being thesis number three, The Monster is the Harbinger of Category Crisis. It mentions there that This refusal to participate in the classificatory order of things is true of monsters generally: they are disturbing hybrids. This is relatable to Jason becasue he is so hard to categorize. He was a human before his first death, that being when he drowned at the camp’s lake. However, when he was resurrected, he was still part human, yet he started to have features of other creatures. For example, in the films, in his adult form, he has super human strength, giving him the resemblance of something like the hulk. Maybe not the size of the hulk but, something with savage raw strength. Then later in the series he is resurrected yet another time, only to have leathery skin and a rotten, deformed face. This would give him the look of a zombie. Then later in the films he has the ability to teleport, giving him the po wer of some type of psychic being. Then finally in the movie â€Å"Jason X†, he is given a body made from an extremely durable metal of some sort. Thus giving him the appearance of a cyborg. So even though Jason started off human, his characteristics quickly developed. This would make him no longer human. Yet, this would make it had for anyone to put a specific title on Jason. There’s no real set of defining characteristics for him, only a collection of many. This is a really cool experimentation on Jason because it seems as if throughout each movie, there is a different theme. Maybe in one he’ll be zombie, maybe a space assassin in another, and maybe some possessed demon serial killer. Whatever the case may be, this is really good for Jason because the movies give a lot of content to viewers. They don’t just categorize him to one setting, but it creates diversity and change in his character. This is good because the same old story of Jason doesn’t get over-told too much and get boring quickly. So as was mentioned earlier, Jason is definitely a monster of great interest. His story line is fascinating and intriguing. He is definitely a 9/10. There is so much depth in his story line that it doesn’t get boing quickly. There is so much to watch as there are many different sequels, reboots, and crossover films. The video game is also very fun to play. If you have an Xbox, Ps4, or Pc, strongly consider downloading â€Å"Friday the 13th†. It is a really gory video game, but it does the story so much justice as it really brings out the true character of Jason. You can either watch his films for hours, or sit back and slash it out in his video game. Whatever you choose, there’s no doubt in my mind that you won’t be disappointed. Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome. â€Å"Monster Culture: Seven Theses.† From Monster Theory: Reading Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996. Cleaver. â€Å"Is Jason Vorhees Immortal?†. Horror Enthusiast, Pub. 16 Jan, 2018. https://horrorenthusiast.com/index.php/bloody-tabloid/friday-the-13th-franchise/61-is-jason-voorhees-immortal-friday-the-13th-facts Slovick, Matt. Who is Jason Voorhees?. The Washington Post, 1996. washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/features/friday13/jason.htm?noredirect=on

5 Helpful Replies to Your Question Where Can I Write an Essay Online

5 Helpful Replies to Your Question Where Can I Write an Essay Online 5 Helpful Replies to Your Question Where Can I Write an Essay Online? Today, we can do almost anything online. Modern students pass most of the day on the Internet, which can be accessed anytime and anywhere. It simply makes sense to store your files on a cloud. Cloud storage backs up your files in case your computer crashes or your phone is stolen or lost, and you can access your files from any device with an Internet connection. Most of these services also feature sharing between users. Here are five useful websites where you can store your files. 1. Amazon Cloud Drive The Amazon Cloud Drive offers two different plans, Unlimited Photos and Unlimited Everything. With Unlimited Photo, you can store- you guessed it- unlimited number of photos for only $12 per month. If you are an Amazon Prime member, the service is included to your membership. You also receive 5 GB for other file types, including videos and documents. Unlimited Everything costs $60 annually for unlimited storage of all file types. However, the file has to be under 2 GB unless you use the Cloud Drive desktop app, available for PC and Mac. It also has apps for iOS and Android that automatically upload videos and photos you shoot from your device. You can manage and view your files from the Cloud Drive website, but the Amazon Cloud Drive is a fairly cost-effective way to store your files, and the automatic upload feature is very convenient. 2. Dropbox Dropbox is an easy to comprehend cloud storage system for any file type. You can upload files through Dropbox’s website or via its desktop and mobile apps. Files are conveniently synced across all your devices. Upon signing up for Dropbox, you get 2 GB of storage, which admittedly is not much. However, you can earn more storage space by completing simple actions like participating in a tutorial, using certain features, or inviting a friend to sign up. Dropbox’s simple design is perfect for beginners who are not going   to store a great number of files. 3. XDrive AOL’s XDrive is one more affordable tool for cloud storage. The site provides you with 5 GB for free, and offers 50 GB for a fee of $120 annually. XDrive also features an upload accelerator that can upload files 50% faster, and you can create slideshows of your stored photos and music. XDrive does not have any limits on file size or bandwidth, so it’s great for someone who wants to store videos, movies, or other large files. 4. Box Box has stricter limits on storage than some of its analogs, but it also boasts some excellent features. Box has a Facebook app that allows you to upload files and share them directly with your friends on Facebook, and it offers full mobile access. Originally intended for business and IT users, Box has features to assign tasks, comment on the work of others, and extensively control privacy and sharing options. As for the disadvantages, the 10 MB file size limit can create difficulties while uploading videos and other large files. Box is a good choice for someone who needs to collaborate with colleagues, as it offers some convenient and helpful features. 5. Google Drive Google Drive is a good option if you want your cloud storage to hold such tools like a word processor, calendar, presentation builder, and spreadsheet application. Google Drive could be the cloud storage system for you if you ask yourself, â€Å"Where can I write my  essay online?† It also offers you 15 GB for free, which is one of the best deals available. Cloud storage is always a smart and convenient choice in today’s world. If you are interested in storing your files online, those sites will be handy to get you started.

BUS WK4 HOMEWORK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

BUS WK4 HOMEWORK - Essay Example In such a devastating situation, it is imperative that the company pays great attention at how to inform the world about the catastrophe. If this situation was not handled then the audience of the company which is enormous as it includes the whole world, would see the company in a much worse light. The company has to release the information in two ways; first they would have to break the news to the families of the workers and secondly the company’s employees and then to the media. The company has to be extra cautious in choosing the representatives who will handle these releases. They have to make sure that their reputation is kept intact and at the same time the information provided is honest and precise. This adversity affected a lot of people. It was not only the 33 miners in the mine who were affected;the families of those workers were also hurt. The anguish that their families had to go through was no doubt too much. They waited to hear any news about their loved ones an d worried whether they would make it out alive. Chilean Copper Mine was responsible of keeping the families continuously up to date on the rescue mission and what was being done to help the miners in the best possible way to save them. This process of communication is extremely important. The employees of the company also need to be kept informed about the situation because they need to know what the company they work for can do in order to protect them and how serious they are about their workers. This means of communication has to be really effective; it will have to give all the information to them as well as make them feel that the company does care about its employees and that they are all united in this situation. Communication has a meaning to every person in a situation. A crucial point of an effective communication is mutual understanding of the information. It involves the shared concern of the thoughts, feelings, needs, wants and intentions of the communicators (Krizan, 2 011). If the message is sent through mail or memo or a video, the message has to be sent using a proper tone. In the case of the trapped miners, the overall tone when sending the message across has to be considerate and consoling in order to maintain calm. The families of the affected should be informed verbally through a video. Providing this information through writing will not be enough. Draft 1: I would like to address the family members of the ‘33’ as per company protocol. The main message that I want to communicate is of patience and being positive. The journey has no doubt been very long and stressful especially without enough resources. The company has now directed towards other ways to proceed with the rescue. This includes consideration of all types of safety aspects to ensure that the miners come back to the surface with full health and conditions and rejoin their families. The company completely understands the concerns of the families and will address them. It would be difficult to present all the information so we will sum up the most significant points of the rescue plans for this accident. The most essential thing for us is the well-being of the affected; we will make sure that all of them will reemerge to a normal life. Draft 2: The Chilean Copper Mine cave that has trapped 33 of our employees is indeed a tragic incident. We are very well

Value Proposition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Value Proposition - Essay Example For the reason that no company or product was developing a Catalogue app, a Smart Interface Solutions has registered the Catalogue app, a cheap and easy in use and setup mobile Micro Enterprise Resource Planning, the product will be good idea for the small business. The product will be available on any smartphone as a powerful and smart inventory management tool. The interface will use the smartphone technologies such as camera, GPS, accelerometer and Bluetooth. The Catalogue app is a highly adaptable inventory management and tracking app, the primary target audience is the traders and small entrepreneurs focused on the stock management system with the easy interface. While, small enterprises do not have access to he significant finance for specialized hardware, the product will be a solution in this area. In terms of user interface and configurations, they are functionally identical with the larger desktop variants within the same software. The main benefits for the customer is the efficiency, ability to save user’s time, accuracy of the data received, ability to make an analysis of the data and reduction of task repetition processes. In terms of costs, the product will not cost much; customers will be able to train when using the app. It will allow customers to configure and manage their software on the computer of the usual size through the available software. An app will give a possibility to design that information which user wants. Such opportunity is one for the purpose to make Catalogue adaptable to all applications.

Growth and Decline Essay Example for Free

Growth and Decline Essay Areas of growth and decline in the primary, secondary and tertiary classifications of business activities Firstly the primary sector, obtain or produces raw goods. The secondary sector manufactures and constructs goods. Finally the tertiary sector provides services to businesses and/or individuals. Over time whole sectors can grow or decline. Absolute growth or decline means that on its own a sector is getting bigger or smaller. If this type of decline happened continuously, one day a sector would disappear. Relative growth or decline means a sector is doing better or worse compared with other sectors. It may be growing relative to other sectors but still not doing very well. Or it may be declining relative to other sectors, but doing quite well on its own. Overall the primary and secondary sector is declining and the tertiary sector is growing. This is because we as a country are becoming more of a service culture. The primary and secondary sector has decreased because we can now use machinery to do certain jobs that people used to do and so people have to find work elsewhere in the tertiary sector. The primary sector has decreased rapidly through time from 1980 to 2002 and the employment rate for primary industries has decreased by over 65% going from 3. 6% to 1. 4%. This is because people no longer produce their own food or own animals for meat and so as the years went on people started to trade the food that they produced and the animals they owned for other products which leads on to the tertiary sector. However within the sector the output has risen from. Fishing fleets, coal mining and quarrying are all examples of areas in the primary sector that has declined. This is because machinery can do most jobs that people used to do, foreign industries also became more competitive and imports such as coal became more affordable. As the availability of coal declined in the UK, and also became more expensive to extract more coal was imported. This led to a further decline in primary sector employment in the UK. The primary sector has although increased in its organic food production, wind farming, fish farming and oil and natural gas extraction. The number of organic producers has risen from 6,038 organic producers in 2004 to 7,567 organic producers in 2009 this is because the demand for organic food has increased as more and more people want to eat food without artificial fertilizers and pesticides. However even with this increase the primary sector is declining compared to the secondary and tertiary sectors as employment for the primary sector in 2008 is only 1. 6% of the UK whereas the secondary sector has an employment rate of 17. 6% in 2008 and the tertiary sector has an employment rate of 80. % in 2008. This shows that the primary sector is declining along with the secondary sector but at a much more drastic rate. The secondary sector is doing better than the primary sector as pointed out in my last paragraph however is declining largely compared to the tertiary sector. Between 2005 and 2008 the secondary sector was on the rise as employment in manufacturing increased and the output of the secondary sector increased. H owever as the recession hit, the secondary sector saw a decline of output from 23% in 2008 to 6. 5% at the start of 2009. The areas hit most were industries metal products, transport (engineering) and construction. Over 140,000 jobs were lost in the motor industry, BAE systems cut 500 jobs and SANYO closed its factory which made televisions – ever since no factory in Britain made televisions. Later in 2009 the decline started to slow down but hasn’t improved much since as companies are still making cut backs. Going back to 2005-2008 the areas that were most successful in the secondary sector were the food and drink industry, drugs and pharmaceuticals, weapons, ammunitions, energy, electrical and optical equipment and finally paper and publishing.

Shakespeares Othello: Is Jealousy the Cause? Essay examples -- Othell

The hero in William Shakespeare’s tragedy Othello is guided to murder by his passions. Which passions? Jealousy? Sexual jealousy? In this paper let us look into these questions. In the volume Shakespeare and Tragedy John Bayley denies that jealousy is a major causative factor in the play: The play eludes with ease any attempt to pin it down to a solution: why it happened, what caused it, what weakness in Othello was involved? Even jealousy as such is not the reason. Jealousy is a long-term affair, with its own rules and customs, its own subterranean animosities and grudges. (204) Contrasting with this critical opinion is that of another esteemed critic. Lily B. Campbell in Shakespeare’s Tragic Heroes definitively categorizes Othello as a â€Å"study in jealousy†: Othello has suffered less in its modern interpretation than any other of Shakespeare’s tragedies, it would seem. So insistently did Shakespeare keep this tragedy unified about the theme of jealousy and the central victims of the passion, so obviously did he mould his plot about the black Moor and the cunning Iago and the victims of their jealousy that no interpreter has been able to ignore the obvious intention of the author. Yet if we study the contemporary interpretations of the passion here portrayed, we find that Shakespeare was following in detail a broader and more significant analysis of the passion than has in modern days been understood. The play is, however, clearly a study in jealousy and in jealousy as it affects those of different races. (148) Can we narrow down the concept of jealousy in this play to a specific type? Helen Gardner in â€Å"Othello: A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune† sees this play as a study in sexual jealousy: Othello is not a study in prid... ...vington, David, ed. William Shakespeare: Four Tragedies. New York: Bantam Books, 1980. Campbell, Lily B. Shakespeare’s Tragic Heroes. New York: Barnes and Noble, Inc., 1970. Ferguson, Francis. â€Å"Two Worldviews Echo Each Other.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Shakespeare: The Pattern in His Carpet. N.p.: n.p., 1970. Gardner, Helen. â€Å"Othello: A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from â€Å"The Noble Moor.† British Academy Lectures, no. 9, 1955. Jorgensen, Paul A. William Shakespeare: The Tragedies. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1985. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.      

Direct & Indirect Cost in Retail Essay

What is an indirect cost? Indirect costs represent the expenses of doing business that are not readily identified with a particular grant, contract, project function, or activity, but are necessary for the general operation of the organization and the conduct of activities it performs. In theory, costs like heat, light, accounting, and personnel might be charged directly if little meters could record minutes in a cross-cutting manner. However, this is not practical; therefore cost allocation plans or indirect cost rates are used to distribute those indirect expenditures. Typically, salaries and expenses for auditing, budgeting, payroll, personnel, purchasing, etc. are examples of costs that are considered to be indirect costs. What is the indirect cost rate? The indirect cost rate is the maximum percent of dollars the district can expend from state and federal grants for administrative costs. Indirect cost rates (limits) ensure that state and federal moneys are expended for intended uses and for allowable costs, including expenditures directly traceable to the program (direct expenditures) plus a limited allowance for overhead or indirect expenditures. A â€Å"fixed with carry-forward† indirect cost rate is calculated for each district for all of its restricted federal grants and another â€Å"fixed with carry-forward† indirect cost rate is calculated for all of its unrestricted federal grants. Rates are individually computed for each district and are unique to each district. What does fixed with carry-forward mean? A fixed with carry-forward provision is a rate computed and fixed for a specified future period based on an estimate of that period’s level of operations. However, when the actual costs of that period become known, the difference between the estimated costs and the actual costs is carried forward as an adjustment to a subsequent period for which a rate is established. Indirect rates calculated on the 06-07 F-196 were used in 08-09 (2 year lag). Therefore, if a district’s rate on the 06-07 F-196 was 5.4%, the district could have used a maximum 5.4% indirect rate during the 08-09 school year. But, if at the end of FY 08-09, the rate calculated on the F-196 was only 4.2%, the subsequent indirect rate will be adjusted for the difference and the district will use the adjusted rate for the 2010-11 school year. The rate calculated on the 08-09 F-196 is the rate your district will use in 2010-11. This is the rate provided to iGRANTS. How can a grantee distinguish between a direct cost and an indirect cost? There is no universal rule for classifying costs as direct or indirect. Generally speaking, a direct cost is one that is incurred specifically for one activity. Indirect costs are more general in nature and are incurred for the benefit of several activities. Once a grantee makes an election and treats a given cost as direct or indirect, it must apply that treatment consistently and may not change during the fiscal year. What does organization-wide costs mean? Generally, direct administration costs differ from indirect charges in that the indirect charges are considered organization-wide costs. This means costs which are related to maintaining operations as a business concern but not costs that finance the delivery of services that provide a part of its specific mission. The regulations describe accounting, payroll, and personnel management as examples of organizational disciplines that every grantee or any organization must have. When making a determination as to whether a cost is organization-wide, the question to be answered is: â€Å"Is this cost incurred for general management purposes or does the cost further functions that are the mission of the organization?†

To What Extent Did Stalin Establish a Personal Dictatorship in the Years 1929

To what extent did Stalin establish a personal dictatorship in the years 1929-1939? Between 1929 and 1930 Stalin used various ways to establish a personal dictatorship. This allowed Stalin to establish a personal dictatorship in these years. In order to do this Stalin instituted a party purge to silence the opposition of Riutin and his supporters, the assassination of Kirov, executed delegated party congresses, The trial of the twenty-one and general Purges. A purge was the systematic elimination of opponents by Stalin, The assassination of Kirov allowed Stalin to use it as an excuse to begin the purges. In 1932, Kirov had helped to defeat Stalin on an important issue concerning Mikhail Riutin, who had circulated a document that was highly critical of Stalin. Stalin was furious and demanded Ruitins execution. However the central committee and the politburo refused to order Ruitins execution, Stalin viewed this as a betrayal. In December 1934, Kirov was murdered by Nikolayev who claimed was working for a secret terror group who wanted to overthrow the soviet government; however Zinoviev and Kamenev were arrested for the conspiracy of Kirov’s Murder. This murder rid Stalin of his most powerful rival, whilst allowing him to imprison two of his old opponents, basically â€Å"two birds with one stone†. The Murder of Kirov allowed Stalin to establish dictatorship because with the death of Kirov, it gave Stalin an excuse to purge and the purges became more systematic and far-reaching. In the spring of 1937, Stalin argued that the conspiracy against the Soviet people was not restricted to the forty or so people involved in the show trials, and so the start of the purges against the party and army began. The effects on the party were dramatic. Between 1934 and 1938, some 330,000 party members were convicted of being enemies of the people. Stalin had never fully trusted the Red Army because the majority of its senior officers had been appointed by his arch rival, Trotsky. For this reason Stalin feared that the military might try to seize power. In June 1937 eight Generals were tired. In the following eighteen months, 34,000 soldiers were purged from the army. This silenced the opposition of Riutin and his supporters. With this Stalin had no problems to establish a personal dictatorship as his opponents would have been in fear to rise up or oppose against Stalin’s ideas. The Trail of the twenty-one in 1938 was the trial of Bukharin, Rykov and their accomplices. The defendants were accused of attempting to overthrow socialism and of the murder of Kirov, Bukharin was personally charged with attempting to assassinate Lenin. Bukharin tried to prove his loyalty to Stalin but failed on several occasions. Bukharin confessed to political responsibility for the crimes of which he was accused, however Bukharin never confessed to trying to assassinate Lenin. All attempts failed and Bukharin was sentenced to death. With the execution of Zinoviev, Kamenev and Bukharin, Stalin had shown that there will be no mercy for those who opposed his power. With the elimination of Bukharin and the right, Stalin had no opposition to prevent him from gaining power. The show trials targeted the previous generation of the Communist Party. The Purges of 1937 wiped out younger members of the party, and dealt with unreliable elements within the army. A general purge of the Russian people kept the country in a state of fear and obedience. This enabled Stalin to establish a personal dictatorship as he eliminated any future rivals and kept Russia in a state of fear to prevent uprising. To conclude Stalin used various ways to establish personal dictatorship between 1929 – 1939. The Murder of Kirov allowed him to begin the purges as an excuse which allowed him to suppress his opponents. With the assasination of Kirov, Stalin was free of his rival and was able to lock away Zinoviev and Kamenev; however this was only the start to which he established a personal dictatorship. The main reason I believe that allowed him to establish a personal dictatorship was the trial of twenty one. This trial rid of him his rivals and allowed him to eliminate the right. The trail gave him power and sent fear into anyone who tried to oppose him.

Christmas Worksheets and Christmas printables

Christmas Worksheets and Christmas printables Christmas lessons and activities are great motivational techniques. Some of the best activities in an inclusional classroom include brainstorming activities. When you provide students with the opportunity to brainstorm, you are actually using differentiated instruction. Brainstorms work well for gifted learners, mainstream learners and disabled learners. Use the Printable Activity PDF or try some of the suggestions below. 1. How many different Christmas words can you think of? 2. How many different things can you put on a Christmas tree? 3. What realistic types of gifts do you want this year and why? 4. How many different things can you do on the Christmas holiday? 5. How many different foods can you think of for Christmas? 6. Why is Christmas special to you? 7. How many different Christmas songs can you think of? 8. How many words can you find using only the letters in the word Christmas? 9. List all your different memories of Christmas. 10. Think of all the different things that happen at your house at Christmas. (Types of decorations, visitors etc.) Brainstorms can be in writing or done in small or large groups in the classroom. All students have the chance to feel successful during brainstorm types of activities.

4 Ways to Make a Short Resume Longer

4 Ways to Make a Short Resume Longer Resume too short? The first question to ask yourself is probably the ever controversial â€Å"one page or two†? The debate rages on, but all you need to decide is how long your resume should be. If you’re fairly advanced in your career and have more pertinent experience than you can fit onto one page, then two (or more) pages is encouraged. If you’re starting out, however, the general rule of one-page should probably still apply. Either way, if you feel your resume is a little on the thin side, and not quite at the length you think is most appropriate, here are four tips to beefing it out.1. Add your achievementsYour achievements can be just as relevant as where you went to school. Try to find a way to put them in context. Include a few statements to show how your particular strengths and achievements prove that you have what it takes for a particular job. You can also list any major accomplishments in previous jobs (or really any instances in which your performa nce was remarkable- and relevant).2. Add to your work historyYour work history is one of the first and most important things a potential hirer will look at on your resume. If you don’t have numerous relevant job titles to list, you can include work experience you gained in internships or training programs over the course of your education. You could even include volunteer experience here. The most important thing is to make sure each thing you do list adds to the picture of you as a viable candidate for a particular job. Flesh out the descriptions of what you did and learned in each previous position to paint a broader picture of your qualifications.3. Say more about your skillsWhen in doubt, add extra skills. If you have two or three listed, make it four, or even five. Just make sure to choose these well. Read job descriptions carefully and choose the skills that will best set you up for impressing the hiring manager and landing yourself an interview.4. Include your hobbiesT his is sometimes controversial, but a good bet if you’re running short on content. If you have any particularly fascinating hobbies or interests- particularly ones which drawn on, broaden, or expand your relevant skills and strengths and experience- then these can be included on your resume. It gives recruiters insight into your personality and can be a great way of showing (subtly) how you’d fit within a company culture.Choose wisely. But don’t be shy of adding some of these extra details to augment your chances of getting the job.

The population of china Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The population of china - Essay Example But, one would be surprised to know that if every person on this world stood alongside each other, we would just need an area equal to the city of Los Angeles. So then, why is this information so surprising? It is because we do not need space but balance. The resources dependent on us are few. Five out of a hundred of the world inhabitant’s uses 23% of the world’s energy, 13% do not have water to drink and 38% lack proper hygiene facilities. Humans live on 17% of the Earth’s surface, which is land, out of which only 4% can be used for farming. These problems of today have inspired me to take up the topic of population distribution. The specific case chosen is of the most populous country in the world – China. Population Distribution can be defined as the arrangement or the spread of people in a given area. It could also mean how the population of an area is arranged according to things such as age, race or sex. Population Distribution is influenced by fact ors such as climate, natural resources, work opportunities, social services, density and culture. A city or town having a pleasant climate, adequate food and water resources, and good employment opportunities is likely to have high density. China, officially known as the People’s Republic of China (PRC), has a population of over 1.3 billion with a population density of about 140 persons per square kilometre. Therefore, this makes China’s population distribution a good topic to talk about as it is the most populous country in the world. In this annotated bibliography, we are going to describe the sources that talk about the distribution patterns of the Chinese population, whereby we will also look at the factors that contributed to the particular patterns of distribution. This text talks about the spreading patterns of the Chinese population in terms of education, religion and ethnicity. According to the author, the population distribution of China can also be

(A BIG CITY) traffic congestion Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

(A BIG CITY) traffic congestion - Term Paper Example In cases where the traffic congestion proves to be a major liability, the government then has to come in and devise a strategy that will reduce the traffic congestion within the city or country. In some cities, their governments have done a remarkable job in reducing traffic congestion in their cities. It would be great if there were a situation where the government succeeded in dealing with this problem of traffic congestion. Unfortunately, there is still work to be done in other major cities. A good example of a city that still has traffic congestion problems is Los Angeles in the United States. The city of Los Angeles is one of the major cities in the world that is experiencing traffic congestion. With most people going to work by vehicles, the traffic congestion for most individuals leads to a loss of about 59 hours per year t commuters as they sit in traffic. It was mainly because of industrialization and development in this region, which led to many people migrating to Los Angeles. These factors created job opportunities for many people as well as a chance to live in a progressing area. People wanted to move closer to work, which led to the existence of a large population in Los Angeles. Most of the trips made along this area have a lot to do with work. For most people, they find it more convenient to own a personal vehicle, which will enable them have the luxury and comfort of driving themselves to work or wherever they are needed. It however also includes women who are going for shopping or dropping off their children at daycares. As a result, just about everyone in t his city is affected by the traffic congestion conditions surrounding them. As a result of this severe condition of traffic congestion in Los Angeles, there are several methods of reducing the severity of the situation. These include the government and the occupants of this major city. The government can revisit the structure of the road systems in Los Angeles and develop a different

Encounter point Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Encounter point - Movie Review Example ed activities that occur behind the scenes, from regular citizens, to improve social and political relationships between Palestinian and Israeli peoples. There is no real effort to show that one side or the other is more dedicated toward peace or that one particular political side is more aggressive in continuing violence. The film, instead, attempts to simply show the frustrations and social anxieties that come from ongoing war and how they impact thoughts, emotions and the family structure; not to mention community relationships. There is one scene in the movie where there are members of both the Palestinian group and the Israeli culture that are working together in what is referred to as the Bereaved Families’ Forum which attempts to group these people together to discuss different misunderstandings and open positive dialogue between both political groups. It shows how similar both groups are in relation to their desires to achieve peace and avoid ongoing violence that continues to disrupt positive relationships. â€Å"Encounter Point† is a hopeful film that shows that many of the problems between these two groups come from simple misunderstandings and that there are members of both groups that are ready to pave the way toward peace. The film attempts to give a symmetrical view of the importance and needs of both political parties, therefore the interests of both are represented sufficiently throughout the film. One of the main advantages of this film is that is does not involve political parties and their own high-level interests, instead it shows the plight of this conflict from the viewpoint of those most affected by it: the regular community citizen. The filmmakers decided â€Å""politicians come and go but whats happening on the street is whats most important." (Freeman, 2010, p.1). This film recognises that showing political viewpoints would give this film an unbalanced view and would be more of a political documentary than a piece of sociology work that

International And Domestic Business Tourist Tourism Essay

International And Domestic Business Tourist Tourism Essay Tourism industry is one of the booming industries in the world. It is observed that according to survey visitor information available in Sydney is not sufficient. To survive in competitive market it is necessary to provide best possible experience to the visitors with the intention of maximize profit and repeat business. (Destination NSW) Such experiences which they will remember for long time and which affect them psychologically. It is important to know needs of the tourists what attract, encourage them to travel to the destination. Once you know the necessity of the tourist you can prepare for effective target market strategy. Many organisations and tourism department are responsible to set the standard of the particular destination and convert it into a product. Lot of organisation play important role for development of Sydney. In Sydney, Tourism Sydney Council, National Tourism Alliance, Sustainable Tourism Co-operative Research Centre, Tourism Training Australia, Quality Tourism (Sydney Tourism Brand , 2012) contribute for rapid growth of the tourism. Tourism NSW with help of Tourism Australia influences lots of potential global tourists to NSW with skill education, promotion and publicity campaigns, and online services. Main intention is to grow consciousness about sustainable tourism product. The promotions are intended to invite tourists from every part of the world. Hence tourism promoting strategy sets idea for promotional activities of Medina grand Sydney which helps hotel for publicity and campaign of their products. (Tourism Australia, 2012) Mature Markets: UK, USA, New Zealand,  Japan Emerging Markets: China, India, South Korea Trade Development Markets: Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong,   Germany, Gulf Countries, Other Europe Market Segmentation On the basis of observation in the market Tourism Sydney has found two main areas of market segmentation: 1) Geographic Approach 2) Psychographic Approach Geographic Approach It is essential to realize geographical aspects to target specific market. The value of International and domestic tourists both are key target market for Medina Grand Sydney. Tourist comes for the purpose of business deals, vacation and adventure sport. Sydney is one of the major cities of Australia and well-known as historical place. Concerts and events are also major type of attractions. Number of adventurous sports help to attracts adventurous tourist. Sydney is popular destination among tourist same like Queensland and Melbourne and now we can called it as main tourism activities place in Australia. The diseases like bird flu and global terrorism affects the international tourist visiting to the Sydney. (Sydney City Information ) Total 26.8 million international and domestic tourists visited to Sydney every year. Number of international visitors increases because of attractive offer by airlines during on and off season and tie up of tourism Australia with international airlines. Most of the tourist comes to visit Sydney are local people from major cities of Australia. . The tourism Australia expected the tourist with different purpose will grow up to 40 million in 2030. The tourist who lives in Brisbane, Melbourne, Victoria and Perth which comes for small period of time consider as important target market. The international tourist who comes from UK, America, New Zealand, Japan and Asia mainly they are corporate traveller. Every year 7.9 per cent Chinese visitors estimate to grow in Australia and will be 783,000 till the end of 2019. (Research, 2012) Recently increase in number of tourists from India, China and South Korea which is emerging market for Australia. Sources of International Business Tourist (Research, 2012) This pie chart shows international travellers of different countries. We can see in pie chart that most corporate travellers come through Asia and New Zealand for business purpose. Asia is most growing international market. Around 18% Asian visitors come to Sydney in recent years which are comparatively very high if we match with last five years statistics. China and India are two main countries from where most of the visitors visited Sydney. By doing some research on target market and understanding their culture Tourism Australia can take competitive advantage of such market. Psychographic Approach Hotel Medina Grand Sydney is situated in one of most popular area of the Sydney. Most people choose Australia as their holiday destination for living in Sydney. It has prosperous ethnic groups, excellent infrastructure, superb consumer choices and solid local and international corporate activities. Sydney today claims as Australias most leading Central Business District and most national and multinational industries chose to have their head office in Sydney which attracts lots of business travellers. Sydney is perfect city for beach lovers, Bondi and Manly are the most famous beaches in Sydney. (Visitors Guide and Information ) Most attractive and uncrowned beaches are found on north and south of the Sydney. Hotel Medina gives beautiful view of the city. Because of hotel is situated in centre of the city its excellent opportunity for all the travellers for shopping with family and friends All kind of accommodation options are available at the  Medina Grand Sydney hotel  have been designed to create comfort and an atmosphere. Hotel is only 5 minutes away from Cockle bay, movie theatres at door, Entertainment Centre and China Town just 10 minutes walking distance (Attraction Around Sydney , 2012). Hotel has big conference hall. Hotel apartments provide the perfect venue for residential training courses. In relations of Psychographic above products are available which target domestic and international business travellers and holiday travellers including honeymooners and families. Potential Markets After analysing the above data and statistics specified in this paper about tourist market and segmentation, we can define about prospective target markets of Media grand Sydney. International and Domestic Business Tourist Consumers who are finding gorgeous places with advance level of service and sufficient comforts. This segment is proposed for tourists happy to pay quality prices for outstanding accommodations and service. Most present in main cities across the globe and located in historical areas. As we mention in the first section there are number of occupational deals happens in Sydney as city well-known for the centre of business activities in Australia. Therefore basically there are number of corporate people comes in the city. (Business Award 2012). Basically these business travellers seeks unique services and product with new trend of technology which offered by the Medina grand Sydney. As we know, being one of the best brands, Medina provides unique standard business services and product to the corporate travellers. This gives them chance of unique experience of accommodation as well as relaxing and peaceful environment from their busy work schedule. In adding to this, Medina grand has coll aboration with reputed travel agencies which helps hotel to targeted business travellers. The report of Sydney Tourism reflects tourists from New Zealand, USA, Europe and Asia visiting to Sydney are improved by 26% recently. (Sydney Tourism News, 2011) Besides, most business people from New Zealand and Asia visit to business capital of Australia for the professional purpose. Medina Grand Sydney can offer following services and products to their international and domestic business markets: Resident Manager 24 hour reception Resident Manager Covered heated swimming pool Mini bar Gymnasium Undercover parking Dry cleaning and laundry services Sauna In-room Massage available through Reception Dry cleaning and laundry services Babysitting available Pantry services Cuisine Courier Undercover parking (Hotel Facilities ) Leisure Tourist Currently, its cost-effective for Medina Grand to target the business tourists. This segment was affected by worse transactions in weak economy situations but indicates signs of recovery. Business travellers are generally at senior level management positions in their company. Even if they are not searching for the traditional feature of the city but they expect a suitable place. They are knowledgeable about the current market news and communicate minimum two languages. Maximum corporate travellers busy in hectic life and travel alone, so they need some peaceful atmosphere which they expect from Medina Grand Sydney. Medina Grand has also established superior offers such as SPA (Home Away From Home, 2012). These targets are senior citizen couples who expect a high class service; honeymooners and somebody celebrating a special event. Sydney is a one of the major city in Australia. Medina Grand hotel is situated in the centre of the city and you can call it heart of the city which is nea r from all the attractive places in Sydney. Medina grand hotel is close to Sydney Town Hall, Darling Harbour. Area of attraction also includes Opera House in Sydney and Chinese Garden of Friendship. Medina Grand Sydney deals quality accommodation in one of the most entertainment district, Darling Harbour. Travellers looking for the perfect luxury and advance facilities will definitely like this hotel. Some famous historical attractions such as Sydney Aquarium and Australian National Maritime Museum are situated at a walking distance from the hotel. Famous charming commercials of the city, such as IMAX Theatre and Star City Casino are at a stones throw away. Diverse types of native animals can be spotted at the adjacent Sydney. Great location to allow a nice short walk to Market Street where all the great shopping can be done, China Town, and not too far to walk to The Rocks and Circular Quay. (Best Attractions) The hotel basically tries to attract stylish tourist by providing them g lamorous product and superior facilities. Hotel also concentrates on local tourist market segment who looking for interesting experience. Corporate travellers usually prefer luxury accommodation where they can appreciate speciality food with excellent value of service. Hotel Medina Grand can deliver following facilities: Deluxe Rooms and honeymoon suites Hot water pools Multi-cuisine Restaurants Health spa Sauna Gymnasium centre (Holidays) New Market and Strategic Approach Research study shows that it is possible for Tourism Australia to attract new target potential market. They can attract more number of leisure and business travellers from Asia. (Basically concentrate on India, China and South Korea). According to studies it is analyse that new target market should be beneficial for tourism Australia. (Marketing in Asia , 2012)From last two years more number of tourist coming from China. Tourist from China saw surprising development in Sydney, with rapid increase of visitors. However Sydney saw additional tourists from Korea and India by two per cent. Hence Medina Grand has chance to examine and attention Asian target market. Because of language difference, cultural differences between the countries, time consuming travel its very hard to find profit. Tourism Australia already spend heaps of money on marketing the destination in new target market and collaborate with travel agents to attract more travellers. To take over on this new market Medina Gra nd changes their policies and strategies for this market for e.g. presenting Chinese cuisine, multicultural cuisine in fine dining restaurants which open more choices for Asian customer. The most of the Asian Tourist make their booking through tour operator and most of the people book the air ticket through internet. Link up with more and more tour operators and arranging regional events for tour operator in every area must beneficial for Tourism Australia. Advertisement through social networking sites like Facebook and twitter also helpful for positive marketing of the destination and hotel. Target Market Process Making concern of above data, Medina Grand implements its own target market procedure. It supports them to recognise the customer activities and their needs and demand. Medina Grand Sydney Target Market Process The hotel Medina grand is in mid-maturity stage of product life cycle. To develop method of sustainability is essential at this phase to survive in competitive environment. Hence Medina Grand gives attention on retaining its competitive environment. Hotel sells unique product like health spa centre which is open all days of the week to target corporate and holiday travellers. Promotional Strategies Promotion: The hotel Medina Grand provides exotic facilities to attract high class traveller. They advertise themselves in world travel magazine, traveller guide, yellow pages, star hotel magazines which helps to build brand image of the hotel. Medina Grand also publicise their property through online medium and social networking sites. They have linked up with hotel website to promote themselves. Hotel also has review system for their hotel so that the traveller search online for booking and get to know the actual quality of standard through experiences of other travellers. Also local newspapers, TV channels, radio stations plays important role to invite domestic tourist. This type of marketing affects consumer behaviour and help in growth strategy of the hotel. Delivery Strategy Hotel Medina grant has excellent online reservation system. Hotel has tie up with many international airlines that already declared in previous description of this paper. To sum up they also have collaboration with tour operators, they have special training programme for tour operator. In that programme they first offer free facilities of hotel to the operator and at the same time they teach them about uniqueness of the destination and hotel by giving attractive offers and knowing them key points about destinations and events. Free holiday vouchers are provided for selling particular amount of rooms, commission is also delivered on every room. Marketing department always in touch with distributor by conferencing and mailing to know about new trends in market and current condition in the market. Marketing department has annually meeting with distributors in every regional area to maintain relationship with the distributors.G:DocumentsPIHMSTourism assignmentdistribution.jpgSupply Struc ture in Sydney Consumer Profiles: Worldwide corporate Travellers Age Most of corporate travellers visiting to Sydney are aged among 28 to 50 years, while some travellers are among 50 to 65 years. Average visitors stay -Avg. stay per guest is 3 nights. Ethnicity- European, New Zealander, Asian, American Annual Income per year- Around $40,000 $50,000 Necessities- Presentation hall and Board meeting rooms, Wi-Fi services Participation- Majority of tourists selects to lunch and dinner at speciality restaurants. Some tourist visit to night club, surfing, whale watching, shopping Local corporate Travellers Age- Most of the corporate travellers age among 30 to 50 years, while some are among 50-63 years. Average visitors stay- Avg. shay per guest is 2.5 nights. Origin Business cities in Australia. Annual income per year: Around $40,000 $45,000 Participation- Around 50% of traveller lunch and dinner in dine dining restaurant. Some tourist visit to cinema, visiting families, networks and waterparks, etc. High Class Stylish Travellers Age- 25 35 years. Sexual category: 60% of male and 40% of female visitors. Category: higher class charters, head of departments, managers, air crew. Average visitors stay: 4-5 days Purpose of travel: Presentation, Seminars, Business meeting, Conference and events Yearly Income: More than $50,000 Participation: Massage parlour, casino, wine testing and visiting famous places. Proposed Strategies Product Strategy Medina Grand is one of the finest 4 star hotels in Sydney; functioning in a saturated market, they cannot imagine to rise their income by growing the number of guests. Additionally, the treats of the market are out of control and presently restricted by the professional target choice. Hence, Medina Grand must attention on growing expenses per night and per person by developed outstanding services and preserving its occupancy rate despite the tough struggle and great choice of substitute product. To maintain standard of the hotel have facilities like family rooms, special premier studio room, cribs available, climate control and mini bar as matched to the competitors. (Medina Grand hotel, 2012) The prices of the hotel are always competitive and special discount for group booking and repeat business. Hotel provides pick and drop facility from airport, car facility for nearby attractions which is good advantage for guests of Medina grand hotel. The hotel is situated in main area of Sydn ey and marketing of such facility certainly attract more number of tourist in their hotel. Multi-cuisine restaurant of the hotel is open in all days of week which offers excellent opportunity for tourist visiting the destination from different countries. Therefore they can relax themselves before settle down in the hotel room. The corporate travellers who came for business deals can discuss their business deals in restaurant without taking the visitors to their rooms. Thus, it will be convenient for guest if hotel restaurant is open for all night during all days of the week. Market Positioning Strategy Currently, Medina Grand is positioned as one of the luxuries hotel situated in impressive area of Sydney. Number of increasing competitor in market, comparable positioning wants Medina Grand to redefine themself in front of targeted consumer. They can do it in couple of ways. Mainly Medina Grand could attract more number of leisure travellers. In addition Medina Grand could select business travellers but who are looking for luxury. Luxury positioning must be profitable. But for luxury positioning guest will expect superior quality. This is way they will spend more. In conclusion we can say Medina Grand must be most appropriate property for international corporate tourists. When travellers from new region and different culture grow rapidly its difficult to apply old strategy and policies to understand their needs. Prepare for new plans is better idea to take advantage of such competitive market. Research shows Asian market is future potential market. Thus Medina Grand know requirement of Asian corporate sector and holiday market to maintain sustainability of the industry. Marketing Mix Strategy The four Ps of marketing mix to attract travellers from Asian country because they are least affect by economic slowdown, Medina Grand Sydney has to make special marketing strategy which is mentioned below: Product: They are changing their policies and strategy to concentration on new target market and new ethnic group. Hotel will have to improve certain modifications to their foods and amenities by seeing needs of Asian Travellers. For e.g. Presenting Chinese and Indian cuisine in the speciality restaurant. To satisfy need of satisfaction Medina Grand can start improvement in their accommodation. Its important for corporate traveller to sleep well to maintain busy schedule of next day. Medina Grand can renovate their bed with advance comfort facilities. Hotel can improve fitness services features by adding new machinery and equipment in fitness centre. Tie up with local corporate companies by giving discount help to increase revenue of the company. So the non-staying guest can use the facilities, thus will raise IHS business. Medina grand has to develop the facilities of fun. Train the staff by taking care of cultural values of country of origin of the guest. This kind of service they will remember for long time and help in repeat business. For example, Medina grand appointing employee from Asia so that Asian travellers can feel the hotel as home away from home. Advertising: Tourism Australia is currently in a situation to increase its advertising activities. The Medina Grand have to part in Press Release. Descent articles in popular newspapers which follows by corporate people. Invite press people on special events in the hotel. Participate in social awareness events. Publicise some admired magazines help to build the image of the hotel particularly when its person who reads are corporate people. Conclusion: Market strategy: Domestic and international corporate travellers are our principle target market. Also need to growth our attention on countries like USA, UK, New Zealand, India, and China etc. which are our main source of income. Its better ignore the countries which are very challenging to make target so that can get more time to concentrate on main target market. Marketing mix strategy: Medina Grand have to advertise powerfully local travel journals in China and India. 56 % of International Corporate tourists to Australia reached at Sydney International Airport with 40% of them coming from Asian nations. t. Asia market has the potential to provide good profits for the business. Price: Medina Grand has higher room rates compare to other star properties in the market. According to strategy, increase in room rate can affect the business of the Medina Grand. By providing extra facilities hotel can increase the rate. Place: It is important to advertise the hotel Medina grand on websites of airlines and tour operators. Application of search engine promotion policy is also significant, as most of internet sites visits arise through search engines. Hotel online bookings must be improved by application of this strategy.

The Relaxation Factor of Spas Essay -- Descriptive Spa Spas Relaxing E

The Relaxation Factor of Spas Most people get a look of relaxation on their face when someone says the word, spa. The imagery of mud baths, facials, manicures, pedicures, and massages triggers a feeling of complete relaxation. Many different types of people visit spas. A writer for About.com, Julie Register, explains the different types of people who visit spas. She says, â€Å"people like a traveler that has jet lag, a mother who would like to break away from her children for awhile, or even a person who is experiencing acne, visit spas† (Register). While looking for the origin of the word â€Å"spa,† I found on the internet that there are many possible origins. Julie Register from About.com says a possible origin is from the Latin word â€Å"Espa,† meaning to bubble up, or â€Å"Sanus Per Aquam† meaning health by or through water (Register). I was curious as to how spas had originally begun. While engulfing my mind into information I found on the internet, I found two distinct ways that spas had begun. Register also explains this to me. She says that as early as five hundred BC, Homer and other Greek writers say that Greeks favored a variety of baths. This included water baths and air baths (Register). Almost all of us are familiar with water baths. Water baths are the same thing as what we call the average â€Å"baths.† During one of these â€Å"water baths,† the person receiving the treatment has their body submerged in water with a temperature of their liking. However, I was not familiar with what an air bath was. While continuing to research, on the internet, I found that air baths are what we call saunas, today. Air baths are somewhat related to a water bath, except there is no water. In air baths, the receiver of the bath is ... ...ated in different countries and cultures, but past societies all had the same idea – relaxation by water. Today the spa business has boomed, but all spas focus on one thing – water. I have gone to many different spas and have experienced this first hand. Spas provide something for everyone. Works Cited Brown, Anita. â€Å"What Does a Spa Do?† About.com. 18 Oct. 2004 . â€Å"What is a Spa, Anyway?† About.com. 18 Oct.2004 . Foley, Jo. â€Å"Spas: A Brief History Two Centuries of Relaxation.† Hilary Spa & Beauty. 18 Oct. 2004 . Personal Survey. 18 Oct. 2004. Register, Julie. â€Å"Spa Evolution, A Brief History of Spas.† About.com. 18 Oct. 2004 .

Postpartum Stress Disorder Essay

The postpartum period has been defined as â€Å"a bringing forth of the period following childbirth† (Webster, 1988, p. 1055) or â€Å"occurring after childbirth or after delivery, with reference to the mother† (Doriand, 1988, p. 1343). In nursing or medical textbooks, the postpartum period is defined as â€Å"the 6-week interval between the birth of the newborn and the return of the reproductive organs to their normal non-pregnant state† (Wong & Perry, 1998, p. 480). However, Tulman and Fawcett’s (1991) found that the recovery of postpartum women’s functional status from childbirth takes at least 3 to 6 months. Webster’s Dictionary defines stress concretely as a â€Å"physical, mental, or emotional strain that disturbs one’s normal bodily functions† (Webster, 1997, p. 735). Stress is produced by stressors. Wheaton (1996) defines stressors as â€Å"conditions of threat, demands, or structural constraints that, by the very fact of their occurrence or existence, call into question the operating integrity of the organism† (p. 2). In addition, four characteristics of stressors are described: (1) threats, demands, or structural constraints; (2) a force challenging the integrity of the organism; (3) a â€Å"problem† that requires resolution; and, (4) â€Å"identity relevant† in threats in which the pressure exerted by the stressor, in part, derives its power from its potential to threaten or alter identities. Further, awareness of the damage potential of a stressor is not a necessary condition for that stressor having negative consequences; and a stressor can be defined bidirectional ly with respect to demand characteristics. That is, it is possible for both over-demand and under-demand to be stress problems (Wheaton, 1996). Accordingly, based on the above definitions of the postpartum period, stress, and stressors, postpartum stress is defined as a constraining force produced by postpartum stressors. Postpartum stressors are defined as conditions of change, demand, or structural constraint that, by the very fact of their occurrence or existence within six weeks after delivery, call into question the operating integrity of body changes, maternal role attainment, and social support. Due to its many adjustments, the postpartum period has been conceptualized as a time of vulnerability to stress for childbearing women (Too, 1997). Postpartum Period The postpartum period has been conceptualized by a variety of cultures as a time of vulnerability to stress for women (Hung and Chung, 2001). It is characterized by dramatic changes and requires mandatory adjustments that involve many difficulties and concerns, possibly leading to new demands, or structural constraints and, therefore, stress. All mothers face the multiple demands of adjusting to changes in the body, learning about the new infant, and getting support from significant others. For women going through this transition, it may be a uniquely stressful life experience. Several stressors specific to the puerperium as it exists in the literature have been identified. Those pertaining to body changes include: pain/discomfort, rest/sleep disturbances, diet, nutrition, physical restrictions, weight gain, return to prepregnancy physical shape, care of wounds, contraception, resuming sexual intercourse, discomfort of stitches, breast care, breast soreness, hemorrhoids, flabby subcutaneous tissue, and striae. Stressors pertaining to maternal role attainment include: concerns about infant crying, health, development, bathing, clothing, handling, diapering, night-time feeding, breastfeeding, conflicting expert advice, keeping the baby in an environment with a comfortable temperature, bottle feeding, appearance, safety, elimination, body weight, skin, baby’s sex, breathing, spitting up, sleeping, and cord care (Moran et al. , 1997; Too, 1997). Finally, those stressors pertaining to social support include: running the household, finances, perception of received emotional support, giving up work, finding time for personal interests and hobbies, father’s role with the baby, relationship with the husband, restriction of social life, relationship with children, and coordinating the demands of husband, housework, and children (Moran et al. , 1997). In addition, Hung and Chung (2001) shows that after childbirth women will encounter another type of stress during the postpartum period, which is characterized by dramatic changes and requires adjustment. Conditions of change, demand, or structural constraint may occur during these dramatic changes, creating many difficulties or concerns. Therefore, in addition to general stress, postpartum stress is induced after delivery during the postpartum period. Postpartum Stress Disorder Postpartum Stress Disorder (PSD) is the most serious, least common, and most highly publicized of the postpartum mood disorders: mothers with PSD have killed their infants and themselves. It is on the extreme end of the postpartum continuum of mood disorders (Nonacs, 2005) and attention to symptoms is vital for any postpartum support program. The treatment issues will not be fully discussed here because of their specialty and complexity. However, it remains a primary function of the service delivery to recognize symptoms and refer appropriately for specialized psychiatric care and management. A sensitive, direct question such as, â€Å"Some women who have a new baby have thoughts such as wishing the baby were dead or about harming the baby; has this happened to you? (Wisner, et al. , 2003, p. 44), is an essential element of postpartum evaluation and Wisner and colleagues (2003) have suggested that this question be asked of all postpartum women. PSD is a rare, severe disorder with a prevalence of one to two cases per one thousand births (Seyfried & Marcus, 2003). Symptoms are abrupt and often occur within 48 hours of delivery but can be delayed as long as two years (Rosenberg, et al, 2003). Typically, however, symptoms occur within the first three weeks, and two thirds appear within the first two weeks postpartum (Chaudron & Pies, 2003). Symptoms include mood lability, distractibility, insomnia, abnormal or obsessive thoughts, impairment in functioning, delusions, hallucinations, feelings of guilt, bizarre behavior, feelings of persecution, jealousy, grandiosity, suicidal and homicidal ideation, self-neglect, and cognitive disorganization (Wisner et al. , 2003). Women with PSD who harbor thoughts of harming their infant are more likely to act on those thoughts (Wisner et al. , 2003). Because of the severity of the illness and significant concern for the safety of both the infant and the mother, PSD is considered a psychiatric emergency and hospitalization is necessary. Etiology of PSD There has been some debate about the etiology of PSD. As noted previously, the incidence is approximately one or two women per one thousand births. This rate has remained unchanged for that last 150 years (Wisner et al. , 2003). In cross-cultural studies the rates for PSD are similar to those reported in the United States and the United Kingdom. These findings suggest a primary etiologic relationship between PSD and childbirth, rather than psychosocial factors (Wisner et al. , 2003). O’Hara (1997) has noted that women are 20 to 30 times more likely to be hospitalized for PSD within thirty days after childbirth than at any other time during the life span, leading him to speculate, with little doubt, that for women there is a specific association between childbirth and PSD. There are subgroups of women who may be more likely to develop stressful symptoms after delivery. Primaparas appear to have a higher risk for c than multiparous women (Wisner et al. , 2003). This may be the result of an undiagnosed bipolar disorder. Women with a history of bipolar disorder or PSD have a 1 in 5 risk of hospitalization following childbirth (Seyfried & Marcus, 2003). The overall pattern of symptoms described as PSD suggests the illness is on a continuum of bipolar mood disorders (Wisner et al. , 2003). The clinical presentation of PSD is often very similar to a manic episode (Seyfried & Marcus, 2003). Affective disturbances may be depressive, manic, or mixed (Chaudron & Pies, 2003). While there is no typical presentation, women often display delusions, hallucinations, and/or disorganized behavior. Delusional behavior often revolves around infants and children, and these women must be carefully assessed because thoughts of harming their children are sometimes acted upon (Chaudron & Pies, 2003). The predominant affective symptom in those postpartum women who commit infanticide, filicide, or suicide is depression rather than mania (Chaudron & Pies, 2003). In reviewing the connection between bipolarity and PSD several studies have shown evidence for a link in four areas: symptom presentation, diagnostic outcomes, family history, and recurrences in women with bipolar disorder (Chaudron & Pies, 2003). The relationship to bipolar disorder is considered quite persuasive and it has been suggested that acute onset PPP be considered bipolar disorder until proven otherwise (Wisner et al. , 2003). However bipolarity does not account for all cases of PSD and a meticulous differential diagnosis is mandatory for those women with presenting stress symptoms. A careful checking of the patient’s history for previous manic or hypomanic episodes as well as any family history of bipolar disorder is important in order to rule out bipolar disorder. Organic causes contributing to first onset PSD need to be examined and ruled out. These include: tumors, sequelae to head injury, central nervous system infections, cerebral embolism, psychomotor seizures, hepatic disturbance, electrolyte imbalances, diabetic conditions, anoxia, and toxic exposures (Seyfried & Marcus, 2003). Of special consideration in postpartum women is thyroiditis. This is relatively common in postpartum women and usually begins with a hyperthyroid phase progressing to hypothyroidism. In either phase PSD can occur (Wisner et al. , 2003). Obtaining serum calcium levels is important to rule out hypercalcemia for patients displaying PSD symptoms (Wisner et al. , 2003). Sleep loss resulting from the interaction of various causes may be a pathway to the development of PSD in susceptible women (Wisner et al. , 2003). The later stages of pregnancy and the early postpartum period are associated with high levels of sleep disturbance. This seems to be more prevalent in primiparous women than in multiparae. Historical and contemporary studies have noted that insomnia and sleep loss are significant and early symptoms of PSD. The rapid and abrupt changes of gonadal steroids after delivery and the evidence that estrogen has an effect on mood and the sleep-wake cycle (Wisner et al. , 2003) suggest an interaction between hormonal fluctuations, sleep loss, and the onset of PSD. Treatment of PSD PSD is a severe illness and should be considered a psychiatric emergency requiring hospitalization (Rosenberg et al. , 2003). The stigma attached to mental illness and especially to mothers who may harm their infants and themselves, often prevents women and their families from seeking help. PSD is often marked with periods of lucidity that can fool those close to the mother and health care professionals. Because of the complexity of the diagnosis and treatment, referral to a psychiatric specialist is required and formal treatment is beyond the scope of this program. However, it will be necessary to recognize symptoms and be cognizant of risk factors, such as history of bipolar disorder or previous PSD. Such awareness is essential, as is the readiness to offer support until adequate services can be implemented (Wisner et al. , 2003). Prevention of PSD is unclear, but early identification of a history of bipolar disorder and/or previous PSD would be an element of a comprehensive postpartum program. Prenatal education describing symptoms is an important aspect of a proactive approach to postpartum care. Part of the prenatal and postpartum educational effort will include urging women to share any bizarre thoughts and fears with their health care professionals and families. New mothers experiencing insomnia will be encouraged to seek assistance from their physicians and to engage other family members to care for the infant during nighttime feedings (Wisner et al. , 2003). As noted earlier, specific treatment is beyond the scope of this program, but a proactive approach to early identification and recognition of unusual thoughts, feelings, and experiences may help to initiate treatment and avoidance of tragic results. Conclusion During the postpartum period, women are immersed in the realities of parenting and coping with balancing their multiple roles (e. g. , wife, mother, and career woman). However, women frequently report difficulty in adjusting to the needs of the baby and other children, difficulty with housework and routines, concerns over support to cope with family needs, and concerns over weight gain and body changes. Accordingly, postpartum stress has an important role in a woman’s life and influences her health status, both physical and mental.